For a journal article, the title of the article comes after the year of publication. Only the first letter of the first word is capitalized: lower case is used for all the rest of the title. The exception is that proper names (of persons, organizations, countries, etc.) are capitalized. A period is placed at the end of the title of the article. The title of the journal that contained the article is listed next. The first letters of main words in the title are capitalized and the journal title is placed in italics. A period is placed at the end of the journal title. The last element in a journal reference contains the volume number, issue number (when used by a journal), and the page numbers of the article being cited. When the issue number is used, the volume number appears first, followed by a colon, then the issue number, followed by a comma, and then the set of page numbers for the article, beginning with the number of the first page of the article, followed by a dash, and then the number of the last page of the article, and ending with a period. Information for creating a journal reference can usually be found on the on the cover of the journal; on the first page of an article; or in the table of contents of the journal containing the article you are citing.

The second reference in Box 4.1 shows how to prepare a reference with two authors. Two more authors of a book or any other publication are listed in the same way as shown for two authors of a journal article.

Reference to a book

The third reference in Box 4.5 shows how to prepare a reference to a book. As with a journal reference, the names of the authors are listed first; then comes the year the book was published, set off in parentheses and followed by a period. The next element is the title of the book. The title is placed in italics with only the first letter of the first word in the title is capitalized. A period of placed at the end of the title.   When punctuation, such as a comma or question mark is used in a title, include it exactly in the same way in your reference. The next element is the name of the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, and then the name of the publisher of the book.   The end of a reference to a book is marked by a period.   The date, the city of publication, and the name of publisher usually are listed on one of the first pages of a book.

Reference to a chapter in a book

The fourth reference in Box 4.5 describes a chapter authored by J. M. Styos that appeared in a book that was edited by M. Martin and D. P. Warwick.. The only new elements in this reference are the addition of the word "In" to show that the chapter is "In" a publication put together by other persons. The names of the editors are listed next in their nature order, as M. Martin and D. P. Warwick. Their role as editors is shown by the abbreviation of "Eds." shown in parentheses. The rest of the reference for a chapter is the same as for any book.

Reference to a doctoral dissertation

As the fifth example, we show a reference to a dissertation submitted by Cecilia A. Adae Darkoh to Iowa State University, where she was enrolled. For doctoral dissertations or master's theses, the title is in normal type (not in italics). The words, "Unpublished doctoral dissertation," are added, followed by the name of the university and the city in which it is located. A reference to a master's thesis is the same except that "Unpublished master's thesis" would be used at the end.

Reference to a research report

Many government ministries and other organizations publish research reports. The report of the Sudan Fertility Survey, shown as the next to last item in Box 4.5, is used to illustrate a reference to a research report. As it happened, a team of researchers and writers prepared this report for the Department of Statistics. The Department, therefore, is listed as the author. Librarians refer to authorship by the organization that publishes a report as the corporate author. When you find that an individual is not listed as the author of a publication, list the organization that published the report as the author of the report. The title is in normal type.